Overview
Cover of architectural works, first of all, create aesthetic value for the project. Besides, it also plays an important role in creating a comfortable space. Moreover, if choosing an inappropriate cover solution, it will result in consuming a lot of energy for the work inside the building.
Characteristics of architecture Air terminal (THK) is a large space complex with high requirements on microclimate facilities (VKH). In addition, this is a key project, a symbol for the architectural appearance of the city, the region and the nation. With a special size and demand, this work has a great impact on the natural environment because it consumes a significant amount of energy.
Currently, Vietnam still has no separate standards for regulations and guidelines for designing THK, mainly based on the general guidelines of the IATA standard of the International Air Transport Association. Area requirements for restaurants, offices, machine rooms and equipment are included in the Vietnam Construction Standards for each public item, with reference to sample analysis of other airports. Therefore, the standard content guidelines designed exclusively for NGHK items should be studied and issued. Meanwhile, the energy saving architecture guided in QCVN 09: 2013 / BXD is quite complete.
Climate conditions in the South of Vietnam have advantages that can be utilized when designing architectural works such as the exploitation of temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, mainstream wind direction, number of sunshine hours. During the year, solar radiation intensity (BXMT). Located in the area of tropical monsoon climate, shell covering NGHK works should play the role of shading, heat insulation, rain prevention, good waterproofing, windbreaking but still good ventilation ... According to architectural design principles Energy saving, the main facade should be turned south. Most of the time of the day as well as of the year, BXMT illuminates from the work all from the South to provide natural light, warmth and energy for the project. The cover of the building should be shaded and insulated in tropical climate conditions, especially the roof and walls or windows, doors and glass walls (on the northwest - west - southwest directions) ). Renewable energy sources are quite diverse and have the potential to be exploited on a large scale, mainly solar energy, wind energy and bioenergy. The cooling cycle of the heat pump system can be applied to energy saving design.
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Principles of general design of energy saving cover for EGG (Source: author)
In the context of climate change, causing more serious impacts on the natural - economic - social environment, the requirement of saving energy (energy saving) and minimizing the greenhouse effect in construction activities is very urgent. Researching and proposing solutions for shell cover in the South of Vietnam is really necessary. The sheath mentioned in this article is the above ground cover system, consisting of the boundary wall and roof of NGHK. Within the limits of this article, the cover system is below the ground such as the system of bunker walls and the basement floor, the foundation ... not focused on research.
General principles
There are 3 main solutions arranged in order of priority in the design of energy saving cover for listening. Firstly, planning solutions are always a premise for energy efficiency goals. Second, the sheath architecture solution is an important factor and the core determines energy efficiency. Thirdly, the supporting solutions will help the project reach the required energy efficiency level. These solutions depend on the level of economic and scientific development. In addition, the way of operation and user awareness also contribute significantly in the process towards energy efficiency. The above solutions need to comply with 04 general design principles including: (i) ensuring amenities for VKH (temperature, ventilation, lighting and sunshades); (ii) prioritize passive design solutions before needing to use active design solutions (active design); (iii) considering the use of renewable energy sources to minimize the impact on fossil energy sources; (iv) reasonable selection of materials, trees, water and method of operation (Figure 1).
Planning solutions
In the overall airport, wind and sun direction depend entirely on flight techniques. However, the station architecture can be flexibly prioritized for the overall cubic layout and the locations adjacent to the water and green areas to take advantage of the wind direction, helping to cool the building. The selection of the suitable shape to face directly with BXMT is the smallest which will help the project absorb less heat, resulting in reduced cooling energy consumption. Taking advantage of natural light sources into suitable spaces also helps energy efficiency for lighting. In case it is impossible to take advantage of the above two solutions at the same time, the optimal choice should be considered. Besides, raising the floor or intermingling green areas into the construction cover is also a solution towards reducing energy use. Selecting the appropriate terminal shape and applying the "self-shade" method can reduce the pressure of absorbing heat for the cover. In general, the planning solution to address the layout and direction of the terminal in the general airport should be based on the principle of the take-off direction of flight technology and take advantage of the favorable climatic conditions of the climate. South Vietnam. From there, it is possible to optimize the heat pressure, utilize the wind and cool the cover of the building.
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Architectural solution
The architectural solution of the cover should address the requirements of sunshades, insulation and enhance natural ventilation to minimize energy consumption while ensuring ventilation for the inner workings. There are 5 solutions to design the main cover, including (i) Block design; (ii) Design shading and window layout; (iii) Organize green landscapes; (iv) Use of materials and colors; and (v) Smart crust (Figure 2).
The selection of simple shapes (Figure 3) and the creation of curved surfaces for the cover will contribute positively to energy efficiency. Architectural solutions are presented in two aspects: (i) complete functions, taking advantage of beneficial elements of climate and energy when arranging main / auxiliary spaces; (ii) structure of the cover so that it acts as a climate filter.
Design in the direction of block coupling to minimize external wall area for energy efficiency (Source: www.ecobine.de)
The building cover should be designed flexibly with suitable open glass panels, just enough natural lighting and limiting the impact of EP (Figure 4). If the hot wind does not affect the construction but only BXMT, it can be used to cool the sun block structure. In the case of extremely hot weather, experts recommend the insulation of external walls and roofs to limit the heat from entering from outside. It is possible to handle thermal insulation simply by inserting insulation panels into the cover, creating space between the shells ...
Reasonable window and door layout is also an important architectural solution. The main door system is the component that makes up the cover for the project. If you don't install 2 or 3-layer glass doors, the glass door system (single-layer) in addition to lightning will always be effective and proven in many construction projects in Vietnam. In the first case, if you need cool air and prevent solar radiation (BXMT), you can close the shutters and open the glass doors. The heat radiation will be subjected to flashes by the side of the screen and prevented the wind / vapor from blowing through the slits of the lightning bolt to get inside. In the second case, if sunlight and wind protection are needed, shutters and glass doors can be opened. Glass doors will prevent wind but still let sunlight shine through. Multi-layer cover should be used and preferably applied in the second case because it is possible to cool the cover, reduce the energy for air-conditioning (AKA) when the comfort level inside the station is loved. very high demand (Figure 5).
Not only good insulation during the day, the shell also has to cool quickly at night. The fastest cooling solution is ventilation, through air convection between shells. The wind blowing through the gap in the middle will dissipate heat generated by BXMT, causing this surface temperature to decrease. The heat inside will spread outwards, with cooling wind again, so this process continues until the heat is in and out balance. As an energy saving solution originating from cold climates, the cover of many full or nearly all glass covers should not be applied to buildings in tropical climates, especially the station, because irrelevance, can cause a greenhouse effect. If multi-layer casing is applied, attention should be paid to the flexibility of opening / closing and is limited to a number of large-scale public buildings such as EGP - Due to the high requirements of aesthetics according to architectural views. modern as well as the comfort that natural solutions are difficult to meet, in addition can generate some unexpected problems. The main reason is: The larger the scale works, the lower the efficiency of ventilation and natural lighting in the spaces located deep inside, where the wind is cool and the sun is very difficult to reach, otherwise organize open spaces inside. The more people use, the higher the ventilation requirement, requiring more frequent ventilation (such as the lobby and waiting area of the station). However, in reality, solutions to ventilation and natural lighting at the station are not satisfactory, because it does not meet the temperature comfort level. In addition, when opening the door to receive wind and light, unwanted effects from outside such as noise, exhaust fumes, dust, heat ... can also follow, affecting (the station requires high noise-proof due to take-off sound of extremely large aircraft).
Other issues such as landscape organization, greenery, water surface and internal courtyard layout (Figure 6) should be taken care of properly. The selection of environmentally friendly materials, ensuring comfort and health for users should be emphasized. Materials with bright paint colors should be preferred. In addition, the smart shell is the solution that needs to be considered for application towards energy efficiency.
Dynamic glass system (Source: www.pinsdaddy.com)
Technical solution
Technical solutions to be considered include: (i) The selection of suitable energy consumption equipment; (ii) exploitation and use of renewable energy; (iii) application of intelligent building management system.
In EGG, energy saving solutions are concentrated in 3 technical systems including artificial lighting systems, water supply and drainage systems. The replacement of conventional lighting equipment with more energy saving equipment such as LED, "compact", high-performance fluorescent ... are quite simple solutions, easy to implement and can save up to 40% of the total amount of lighting with fast payback time. The intelligent control system can be used to reduce the amount of lighting when not needed by the "sensor". The selection of sanitary equipment is also extremely important. New generation sanitary equipment can save 20% of water use. Utilizing rainwater and gray wastewater - wastewater from shower, hand washing and reusing also contributes to saving 20% - 30%. The selection of air conditioners and energy saving ventilation systems is also to find solutions to reduce energy consumption for cold production and at the same time reduce the amount of residual heat in the project and reduce electricity consumption for cold production.
The effect of the door in the glass outside the lightning
(Source: [3])
Exploitation and use of renewable energy should be encouraged. Solar energy exploited in the construction sector consists of two main uses: (i) supplying electricity to various electrical equipment through solar panels; (ii) can be integrated with high-performance passive cooling system. According to the proposed levels of 25% - 50% - 75% - 100%, depending on the direction, the cover area can be utilized with the huge power consumption demand of the station. It is possible to utilize the area of roofs, walls and sun screens to integrate solar panels. In addition, the application of intelligent building management system and access to technology 4.0, the management and operation of digitalized projects based on the application of BIM process is also a proposed solution aimed at achieving efficient use of energy in architecture THK.
The use of the door in the glass outside the lightning
Conclude
The solutions for energy saving cover for NGHK in Vietnam are proposed to be applied to the design of the project with large space characteristics and located in the hot and humid tropical climate area. The system of these solutions is a document for comparison and reference for the study of architecture of energy saving cover for large-space projects. Next, quantitative research such as measuring and verifying, simulating work performance ... should be taken seriously and scientifically in order to put the system of design solutions into practice. Based on this research result, the set of "Energy efficiency design criteria system applied to NGHK Vietnam works" can be further proposed to help designers to determine the energy efficiency level of design plans as well as NGHK are operating. From there, it is possible to make reasonable adjustments as well as renovate and improve the energy saving capability for NGHK architecture.
